Ooocx
as indicator of evolutionary relat-
edness, 2:156-158 of insulin, 4:64 Internet tools, 2:212 mass spectrometry tools, 3:18-20 Maxam-Gilbert method, 4:70-71, 4:71
as molecular anthropology tool, 3:63-65
pairwise distributions, 3:167-168,
3:168 palindromic, 1:218 patent issues, 3:137 procedures, 3:1 Rh polypeptide, 1:86 in situ hybridization tools,
2:186-189 See also Automated sequencers; Human Genome Project; Mapping genes DNA sequencing, specific organisms Arabidopsis thaliana, 2:121, 2:172 E. colt, 1:140, 2:10, 2:11, 2:86,
2:116, 2:172 eubacteria, 2:172 fruit flies, 2:172 model organisms, 2:172 rice, 2:172
rodents, 3:61-62, 4:60 roundworms, 2:121, 2:122, 2:172,
2:174, 4:62-63 yeasts, 2:121, 2:172 DNA structure, 1:215-220, 2:51 3' and 5' ends, 1:216, 1:216, 2:51, 3:115, 3:116, 3:117-118, 3:118, 3:155-156, 4:12, 4:15-16, 4:15 antiparallel, 1:217 antisense nucleotides, 1:30-31, 1:30
base stacking, 1:217 B-DNA (canonical), 1:215-218,
1:218, 1:219 coiled in nucleus, 3:121, 3:122 components, 1:215-216, 3:115,
3:116, 3:117, 4:114 cruciform, 1:218, 1:219 curved, 1:219, 1:220 distinguished from RNA, 4:46 genomics role, 2:120-122 glycosidic bonds, 1:216, 1:216 hydrophobic interactions, 1:217 intermolecular triplex, 1:218, 1:219
intramolecular triplex, 1:219, 1:219
left-handed Z, 1:219-220, 1:219 looped domains, 1:126, 1:134, 1:134, 2:64, 2:65, 4:114
major and minor grooves, 1:217,
1:217, 1:218, 4:115, 4:116 packaged in nucleosomes, 4:111 phosphodiester bonds, 1:216,
1:216, 1:244 quadruplex, 1:219, 1:219 slipped-strand, 1:218, 1:219 stability, 2:84 unwound, 1:218, 1:219 van der Waal's forces, 1:217 See also Base pairs; Deoxyribose sugars; Double-helix DNA model; Hydrogen bonds; Nucleotides DNA structure and function, history, 1:248-253 DNA as transforming factor, 1:250-251, 1:250, 3:103, 3:104, 3:105, 4:120, 4:124 DNA discovery, 1:215,
1:249-250, 2:112, 3:103 DNA replication studies,
1:251-252 Watson and Crick's model, 1:62, 1:192-193, 1:251, 2:50, 2:120, 2:171, 3:105, 4:172 See also Chromosomal theory of inheritance, history; Gene nature, history DNA thermal cyclers, 3:157 DNA, transformed (T-DNA), 1:35 DNA transposons, 4:8, 4:9-10, 4:11 DNA triplets, as universal, 1:61,
1:152 DNA uptake, 4:121 DNA vaccines, 1:253-255 advantages, 1:254 clinical studies, 1:255 development, 2:121 testing on cattle, 1:254 uses, 1:72, 1:255 vaccination techniques, 1:254-255 Dna2 protein, 4:17 DnaA protein, 4:13, 4:18 DnaK chaperones, energy requirements, 1:117 DNase cystic fibrosis treatment, 1:201 DNA footprinting role, 1:220 in DNA purification, 3:221 as indicator of transformation, 4:123
DNMTs (DNA methyltransferases),
3:46, 3:49 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 3:76 DOE (Department of Energy) Human Genome Project role, 2:173
radiation-caused-mutation studies, 2:171, 2:173 Dolly the sheep, 1:158, 1:160, 1:162,
1:163-164 Dominance hypothesis, for heterozygote advantage, 2:147 Dominant alleles codominance, 2:200 defined, 3:194, 4:69 distinguished from epistasis, 2:7 distinguished from imprinted genes, 2:183-184 genotype role, 2:127, 2:127-128 heterozygote advantage role,
2:147-148 incomplete dominance, 2:200, 3:36
Mendel's hypotheses, 1:147-148,
3:3 1, 3:33, 3:35-36 molecular meaning of, 2:200-201 See also Inheritance patterns Dominant disorders, autosomal achondroplasia, 1:75-76, 2:130 Alzheimer's disease, 1:16-18 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome,
2:132, 2:185 cartilage matrix protein mutations, 2:132 defined, 3:153
diabetes, familial partial lipodys-
trophic, 1:211 diabetes, maturity onset, 1:211 endocrine disorders, 2:129-130 familial adenomatous polyposis,
1:168-169 familial hypercholesterolemia,
2:57, 2:201, 2:202 gain-of-function mutations, 3:96 gene therapy effectiveness, 2:74 Huntington's disease, 2:103-104,
2:127, 2:201 inheritance patterns, 1:213,
2:201, 2:205 Marfan syndrome, 1:75, 1:76 muscular dystrophies, 3:85-86,
3:153-154 neurofibromatosis, 3:153 progeria, 1:1-3 psychiatric disorders, 3:214 retinoblastomas, 4:153 selection for/against, 4:69 spinocerebellar ataxia, 2:205 table of, 2:202
toxic-gain-of-function mutations, 2:201
Dominant disorders, X-linked, 1:130-131, 2:203, 3:73-74, 3:91-92, 4:175 Dominant negative effect, 2:201
Supplements For Diabetics
All you need is a proper diet of fresh fruits and vegetables and get plenty of exercise and you'll be fine. Ever heard those words from your doctor? If that's all heshe recommends then you're missing out an important ingredient for health that he's not telling you. Fact is that you can adhere to the strictest diet, watch everything you eat and get the exercise of amarathon runner and still come down with diabetic complications. Diet, exercise and standard drug treatments simply aren't enough to help keep your diabetes under control.
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